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[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 1 - general description the ak4421 is 3.3v 24-bit stereo dac with an int egrated 2vrms output buffer. a charge pump in the buffer develops an internal negative power supply rail that enables a ground-referenced 2vrms output. using akm?s multi bit modulator architecture, t he ak4421 delivers a wide dynamic range while preserving linearity for improved thd+n perform ance. the ak4421 integrates a comb ination of swit ched-capacitor and continuous-time filters, increasing performance for systems with excessive clock jitter. the 24-bit word length and 192khz sampling rate make this part ideal for a wide range of consumer audio applications, such as portable a/v pl ayers, set-top boxes, and digital te levisions. the ak4421 is offered in a space saving 16pin tssop package. features ? sampling rate ranging from 8khz to 192khz ? 128 times oversampling (normal speed mode) ? 64 times oversampling (double speed mode) ? 32 times oversampling (quad speed mode) ? 24-bit 8 times fir digital filter ? switched-capacitor filter with high tolerance to clock jitter ? single ended 2vrms output buffer ? soft mute ? i/f format: 24-bit msb justified or i 2 s ? master clock: 512fs, 768fs or 1152fs (normal speed mode) 256fs or 384fs (double speed mode) 128fs or 192fs (quad speed mode) ? thd+n: -92db (-3db output level) ? dynamic range: 102db ? automatic power-on reset circuit ? power supply: +3.0 +3.6v ? ta = -20 to 85 c ? small package: 16pin tssop (6.4mm x 5.0mm) 192khz 24-bit stereo ? dac with 2vrms output ak4421 dif lrck bick sdti audio data interface mclk modulator aoutl 8x interpolator scf lpf aoutr vdd vss1 control interface clock divider 8x interpolator scf lpf charge pump cp cn vee vss2 cvdd 1 1 dzf smute modulator
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 2 - ordering guide ak4421et -20 +85 c 16pin tssop (0.65mm pitch) AKD4421 evaluation board for ak4421 pin layout 6 5 4 3 2 1 cn cp mclk smute bick sdti 7 dif 8 vee vss2 cvdd dzf vss1 vdd aoutl aoutr ak4421 top view 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 9 lrck ? compatibility with ak4420, ak4421 and ak4424 ak4420 ak4421 ak4424 digital de-emphasis - - x i/f format 24-bit msb justified i 2 s 24-bit msb justified i 2 s i 2 s pin#3 smute smute dem pin out pin#8 dif dif smute power supply +4.5 +5.5v +3.0 +3.6v +4.5 +5.5v thd+n -92db -92db (-3dbfs) -92db dr 105db 102db 105db operating temperature et: -20 +85 c vt: -40 +85 c et: -20 +85 c et: -20 +85 c -: not available x: available
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 3 - pin/function no. pin name i/o function 1 cn i negative charge pump capacitor terminal pin connect to cp with a 1.0 f low esr (equivalent series resistance) capacitor over temperature. when this capacitor is polarized, the positive polarity pin should be connected to the cp pin. non-polarized capacitors can also be used. 2 cp i positive charge pump capacitor terminal pin connect to cn with a 1.0 f low esr (equivalent series resistance) capacitor over temperature. when this capacitor is polarized, the positive polarity pin should be connected to the cp pin. non-polarized capacitors can also be used. 3 smute i soft mute enable pin (internal pull down: 100k ? ) ?h?: enable, ?l?: disable 4 mclk i master clock input pin 5 bick i audio serial data clock pin 6 sdti i audio serial data input pin 7 lrck i l/r clock pin 8 dif i audio data interface format pin ?l?: left justified, ?h?: i2s 9 aoutr o right channel analog output pin when pdn pin = ?l?, outputs vcom voltage(0v, typ). 10 aoutl o left channel analog output pin when pdn pin = ?l?, outputs vcom voltage(0v, typ). 11 vdd - dac power supply pin, 3.0v 3.6v 12 vss1 - ground pin 1 13 dzf o zero input detect pin 14 cvdd - charge pump power supply pin, 3.0v 3.6v 15 vss2 - ground pin 2 16 vee o negative voltage output pin connect to vss2 with a 1.0 f low esr capacitor over temperature. when this capacitor is polarized, the positive polarity pin should be connected to the vss2 pin. non-polarized cap acitors can also be used. note: all input pins except for the cn pin should not be left floating.
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 4 - absolute maximum ratings (vss1=vss2=0v; note 1 ) parameter symbol min max units power supply vdd cvdd -0.3 -0.3 +6.0 +6.0 v v input current (any pins except for supplies) iin - 10 ma input voltage vind -0.3 vdd+0.3 v ambient operating temperature ta -20 85 c storage temperature tstg -65 150 c note 1. all voltages with respect to ground. note 2. vss1, vss2 connect to the same analog grand. warning: operation at or beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device. normal operation is not guaranteed at these extremes. recommended operating conditions (vss1=vss2=0v; note 1 ) parameter symbol min typ max units power supply vdd cvdd +3.0 +3.3 vdd +3.6 v note 3. cvdd should be equal to vdd *akemd assumes no responsibility for the usag e beyond the conditions in this datasheet.
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 5 - analog characteristics (ta = 25 c; vdd=cvdd = +3.3v; fs = 44.1 khz; bick = 64fs; signal frequency = 1 khz; 24bit input data; measurement frequency = 20hz 20khz; r l 5k ) parameter min typ max units resolution 24 bits dynamic characteristics ( note 4 ) fs=44.1khz, bw=20khz -92 -84 db fs=96khz, bw=40khz -92 db thd+n (-3dbfs) ( note 5 ) fs=192khz, bw=40khz -92 - db dynamic range (-60dbfs with a-weighted, note 6 ) 96 102 db s/n (a-weighted, note 7 ) 96 102 db interchannel isolation (1khz, -3dbfs) 90 100 db interchannel gain mismatch(-3dbfs) 0.2 0.5 db dc accuracy dc offset (at output pin) -60 0 +60 mv gain drift 100 - ppm/ c 0dbfs 2.00 vrms output voltage ( note 8 ) -3dbfs 1.27 1.42 1.57 vrms load capacitance ( note 9 ) 25 pf load resistance 5 k power supplies power supply current: ( note 10 ) normal operation (fs 96khz) normal operation (fs=192khz) power-down mode ( note 11 ) 20 22 10 30 33 100 ma ma a note 4. measured by audio precision (system two). refer to the evaluation board manual. note 5. -60db(typ) at 0dbfs (r l 10k ) note 6. 98db for 16-bit input data note 7. s/n does not depend on input data size. note 8. full-scale voltage (0db). output voltage is proportional to the voltage of vdd: aout (typ.@0db) = 2vrms vdd/3.3. aout (typ.@-3db) = 1.42vrms vdd/3.3. note 9. in case of driving capacitive load, inset a resistor between the output pin and the capacitive load. note 10. the current into vdd and cvdd. note 11. all digital inputs including clock pins (mclk, bick and lrck) are fixed to vss or vdd
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 6 - filter characteristics (ta = 25 c; vdd=cvdd = +3.0 +3.6v; fs = 44.1 khz) parameter symbol min typ max units digital filter passband 0.05db ( note 12 ) ?6.0db pb 0 - 22.05 20.0 - khz khz stopband ( note 12 ) sb 24.1 khz passband ripple pr 0.02 db stopband attenuation sa 54 db group delay ( note 13 ) gd - 19.3 - 1/fs digital filter + lpf frequency response 20.0khz 40.0khz 80.0khz fs=44.1khz fs=96khz fs=192khz fr fr fr - - - 0.05 0.05 0.05 - - - db db db note 12. the passband and stopband frequencies scale with fs (system sampling rate). for example, pb=0.4535fs (@ 0.05db), sb=0.546fs. note 13. calculated delay time caused by the digital f ilter. this time is measured from setting the 16/24bit data of both channels to input register to the output of the analog signal. dc characteristics (ta = 25 c; vdd=cvdd = +3.0 +3.6v) parameter symbol min typ max units high-level input voltage low-level input voltage vih vil 70%vdd - - - - 30%vdd v v high-level output voltage (iout = -80ua) low-level output voltage (iout = 80ua) voh vol vdd-0.4 - - - - 0.4 v v input leakage current ( note 14 ) iin - - 10 a note 14. the smute pin is not included. the smute pin has internal pull-down resistor (typ.100k ? ).
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 7 - switching characteristics (ta = 25 c; vdd=cvdd = +3.0 +3.6v) parameter symbol min typ max units master clock frequency duty cycle fclk dclk 4.096 40 11.2896 36.864 60 mhz % lrck frequency normal speed mode double speed mode quad speed mode duty cycle fsn fsd fsq duty 8 32 120 45 48 96 192 55 khz khz khz % audio interface timing bick period normal speed mode double speed mode quad speed mode bick pulse width low pulse width high bick ? ? to lrck edge ( note 15 ) lrck edge to bick ? ? ( note 15 ) sdti hold time sdti setup time tbck tbck tbck tbckl tbckh tblr tlrb tsdh tsds 1/128fsn 1/64fsd 1/64fsq 30 30 20 20 20 20 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns note 15. bick rising edge must not occur at the same time as lrck edge.
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 8 - timing diagram 1/fclk tclkl vih tclkh mclk vil dclk=tclkh x fclk, tclkl x fclk 1/fs vih lrck vil tbck tbckl vih tbckh bick vil figure 1. clock timing tlrb lrck vih bick vil tsds vih sdti vil tsdh vih vil tblr figure 2. serial interface timing
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 9 - operation overview system clock the external clocks required to operate the ak4421 are mc lk, lrck, and bick. the master clock (mclk) should be synchronized with lrck, but the phase is not critical. the mclk is used to operate the digital interpolation filter and the delta-sigma modulator. sampling speed and mclk frequency are detected automatically, and then the internal master clock is set to the appropriate frequency ( table 1 ). the ak4421 is automatically placed in power saving mode when mclk and lrck stop during normal operation mode, and the analog output goes to 0v(typ). when mclk and lrck are input again, the ak4421 is powered up. after exiting reset following power-up, the ak4421 is not fully operational until mclk and lrck are input. lrck mclk (mhz) fs 128fs 192fs 256fs 384fs 512fs 768fs 1152fs sampling speed 32.0khz - - - - 16.3840 24.5760 36.8640 44.1khz - - - - 22.5792 33.8688 - 48.0khz - - - - 24.5760 36.8640 - normal 88.2khz - - 22.5792 33.8688 - - - 96.0khz - - 24.5760 36.8640 - - - double 176.4khz 22.5792 33.8688 - - - - - 192.0khz 24.5760 36.8640 - - - - - quad table 1. system clock example when mclk= 256fs/384fs, the auto setting m ode supports sampling rate of 32khz~96khz ( table 1 ). but, when the sampling rate is 32khz~48khz, dr and s/n will degrade by approximately 3db as compared to when mclk= 512fs/768fs ( table 2 ). mclk dr,s/n 256fs/384fs 99db 512fs/768fs 102db table 2. relationship between mclk frequency and dr, s/n (fs= 44.1khz) audio serial interface format the audio data is shifted in via the sdti pin using the bick and lrck inputs. the dif pin can select between two serial data modes as shown in table 3 . in all modes the serial data is msb-first, two?s complement format and it is latched on the rising edge of bick. in one cycle of lrck, eight ?h? pulses or more must not be input to the dif pin. mode dif sdti format bick figure 0 l 24bit msb justified 48fs figure 3 1 h 24bit i 2 s 48fs figure 4 table 3. audio data formats
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 10 - lrck bick ( 64fs ) sdti 0 22 1 2 24 31 0 1 31 0 1 23:msb, 0:lsb 22 1 0 don?t care 23 lch data rch data 23 30 22 2 24 23 30 22 1 0don?t care 23 22 23 figure 3. mode 0 timing lrck bick ( 64fs ) sdti 0 3 1 2 24 31 0 1 31 0 1 23:msb, 0:lsb 22 1 0 don?t care 23 lch data rch data 23 25 3 224 23 25 22 1 0 don?t care 23 23 figure 4. mode 1 timing
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 11 - zero detect function when the input data for both channels are continuously zero for 8192 lrck cycles, the dzf pin goes to ?h?. the dzf pin immediately returns to ?l? if the input data for both channels are not zero ( figure 5 ). analog output block the internal negative power supply generation circuit ( figure 5 ) provides a negative power supply for the internal 2vrms amplifier. it allows the ak4421 to output an audio signal centered at vss (0v, typ) as shown in figure 6 . the negative power generation circuit ( figure 5 ) needs 1.0uf capacitors (ca, cb) with low esr (equivalent series resistance). if this capacitor is polarized, the positive polarity pin should be connected to the cp and vss2 pins. this circuit operates by clocks generated from mclk. when mc lk stops, the ak4421 is placed in rese t mode automatically and the analog outputs settle to vss (0v, typ). cvdd charge pump cp cn vss2 vee 1uf 1uf negative power a k4421 (+) cb ca (+) fi gure 5. negative power generation circuit a outr a k4421 (aoutl) 0v 2vrms figure 6. audio signal output
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 12 - soft mute operation soft mute operation is performed in the digital domain. when the smute pin is set ?h?, the output signal is attenuated to - in 1024 lrck cycles. when the smute pin is returned to ?l?, the mute is cancelled and the output attenuation gradually changes to 0db in 1024 lrck cycles. if the soft mute is cancelled within the 1024 lrck cycles after starting this operation, the attenuation is discontinued and it is returned to 0db by the same cycle. soft mute is effective for changing the signal source without stopping the signal transmission. smute pin a ttenuation dzf pin 1024/fs 0db - a out 1024/fs 8192/fs gd gd (1) (2) (3) (4) notes: (1) the time for input data attenuation to - is : normal speed mode: 1024 lrck cycles (1024/fs). double speed mode: 2048 lrck cycles (2048/fs). quad speed mode : 4096 lrck cycles (4096/fs). (2) the analog output corresponding to a specific digital input has a group delay, gd. (3) if soft mute is cancelled before attenuating to - after starting the operation, the attenuation is discontinued and returned to att level in the same cycle. (4) when the input data for both channels are continuously zero for 8192 lrck cycles, the dzf pin goes to ?h?. the dzf pin immediately returns to ?l? if the input data are not zero. figure 7. soft mute and zero detect function
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 13 - system reset the ak4421 is in power down mode upon power-up. the mlck should be input after the power supplies are ramped up. the ak4421 is in power-down mode until lrck are input. notes: (1) approximately 20us after a mclk input is detected, the internal analog circuit is powered-up. (2) the digital circuit is powered-up after 2 or 3 lrck cycles following the detection of mclk. (3) the charge pump counter starts after the charge pump circuit is powered-up. the dac outputs a valid analog signal after time a. time a = 1024/ (fs x 16): normal speed mode time a = 1024/ (fs x 8): double speed mode time a = 1024/ (fs x 4): quadruple speed mode (4) no audible click noise occurs under normal conditions. (5) the dzf pin is ?l? in the power-down mode. (6) the power supply must be powered-up when the mclk pin is ?l?. mclk must be input after 20us when the power supply voltage achieves 80% of vdd. if not, click noise may occur at a different time from this figure. figure 8. system reset diagram d/a out (analog) mclk dzf 20 us low power supply (vdd, cvdd) 2, 3 lrck digital circuit analog circuit charge pump circuit charge pump counter circuit time a (1) (2) (3) (5) power-up power-up ?0? data d/a in ( di g ital ) mute ( d/a out ) (4) (6) power down power down power-up power down
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 14 - reset function when the mclk or lrck stops, the ak4421 is placed in rese t mode and its analog outputs are set to vss (0v, typ). when the mclk and lrck are restarted, the ak4421 returns to normal operation mode. normal operation internal state reset normal operation gd d/a out (analog) d/a in (digital) clock in mclk, bick, lrck (1) vss (2) mclk stop (3) (3) (4) clock in mclk, bick, lrck lrck stop (4) (5) dzf (6) dzf (6) notes: (1) digital data can be stopped. the click noise after mclk and lrck are input again can be reduced by inputting the ?0? data during this period. (2) the analog output corresponding to a specific digital input has group delay (gd). (3) no audible click noise o ccurs under normal conditions. (4) clocks (mclk, bick, lrck) can be stopped in the reset mode (mclk or lrck is stopped). (5) the ak4421 detects the stop of lrck if lrck stops for more than 2048/fs. when lrck is stopped, the ak4421 exits reset mode after lrck is inputted.. (6) the dzf pin is set to ?l? in the reset mode. figure 9. reset timing example
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 15 - system design figure 10 shows the system connection diagram. an evaluation boa rd (AKD4421) is available for fast evaluation as well as suggestions for peripheral circuitry. note: use low esr (equivalent series resistance) capacitors. when using polarized capacitors, the positive polarity pin should be connected to the cp and vss2 pin. vss1 and vss2 should be separated from digital system ground. digital input pins should not be allowed to float. figure 10. typical connection diagram analog 3.3v 24bit audio data 1u (1) 64fs master clock external mute circuits analog ground digital ground mode- setting ak4421 dif sdti bick mclk smute cp cn lrck aoutr aoutl vdd vss1 dzf cvdd vss2 vee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 + + fs 1u (1) 0.1u 10u + 0.1u 10u lch out rch out + 10 ?
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 16 - 1. grounding and power supply decoupling vdd, cvdd and vss are supplied from the analog supply and should be separated from the system digital supply. decoupling capacitors, especially 0.1 f ceramic capacitors for high frequency by pass, should be placed as near to vdd and cvdd as possible. the differe ntial voltage between vdd and vss pins set the analog output range. the power-up sequence between vdd and cvdd is not critical. 2. analog outputs the analog outputs are single-ended and centered around the v ss (ground) voltage. the output signal range is typically 2.0vrms (typ @vdd=3.3v). the internal switched-capacitor filter (scf) and con tinuous-time filter (ctf) attenuate the noise generated by the delta-sigma modulat or beyond the audio passband. using a 1 st -order lpf ( figure 11 ) can reduce noise beyond the audio passband. the output voltage is positive full scale for 7fffffh (@ 24-bit data) and negative full scale for 800000h (@24-bit data). the ideal output is 0v (vss) for 000000h (@24bit). the dc offset is 60mv or less. aout 470 2.2nf ak4421 2.00vrms (typ) analog out (fc = 154khz, gain = -0.28db @ 40khz, gain = -1.04db @ 80khz) figure 11. external 1 st order lpf circuit example
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 17 - package 0-10 detail a seating plane 0.10 0.17 0.05 0.22 0.1 0.65 *5.0 0.1 1.05 0.05 a 1 8 9 16 16 p in tssop ( unit: mm ) *4.4 0.1 6.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 note: dimension "*" does not include mold flash. 0.13 m package & lead frame material package molding compound: epoxy lead frame material: cu lead frame surface treatme nt: solder (pb free) plate
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 18 - marking akm 4421et xxyyy 1) pin #1 indication 2) date code : xxyyy (5 digits) xx: lot# yyy: date code 3) marketing code : 4421et 4) asahi kasei logo revision history date (yy/mm/dd) revision reason page contents 08/03/31 00 first edition 08/08/01 01 error correct 6 dc characteristics a row for the output voltage value was written as for input high-level input voltage high-level output voltage low-level input voltage low-level output voltage vih voh vil vol
[ak4421] ms0945-e-01 2008/08 - 19 - important notice z these products and their specifications are subject to change without notice. when you consider any use or application of these produc ts, please make inquiries the sales office of asahi kasei emd corporation (akemd) or authorized distributors as to current status of the products. z akemd assumes no liability for infringement of any patent, intellectual property, or other rights in the application or use of any information contained herein. z any export of these products, or devices or systems containi ng them, may require an export license or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of e xport pertaining to customs and tariffs, currency exchange, or strategic materials. z akemd products are neither intended nor au thorized for use as critical components note1) in any safety, life support, or other hazard related device or system note2) , and akemd assumes no responsibility for such use, except for the use approved with the express written consent by representative director of akemd. as used here: note1) a critical component is one whose failure to func tion or perform may reasonably be expected to result, whether directly or indirectly, in the loss of the safety or effectiveness of the device or system containing it, and which must therefore meet very high standards of performance and reliability. note2) a hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of safety or for applications in medicine, aerospace, nuclear energy, or other fi elds, in which its failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result in loss of life or in significant injury or damage to person or property. z it is the responsibility of the buyer or distributor of akemd pr oducts, who distributes, dis poses of, or otherwise places the product with a third party, to notify such third party in advance of the above cont ent and conditions, and the buyer or distributor agrees to assume any and all re sponsibility and liability for and hold akemd harmless from any and all claims arising from the use of said product in the absence of such notification.

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